Music education is an important tool for promoting comprehensive personal development, social and cultural prosperity, and mental health. At present, the new curriculum standards for primary and secondary schools require music teachers to fully highlight the aesthetic education function of music education when carrying out music teaching activities, pay attention to the improvement of students’ comprehensive quality, and cultivate students’ emotions and willpower while improving their music professional literacy. Based on the aesthetic education function in music teaching activities, this study specifically analyzes the relationship between music teaching activities and the self-learning ability of primary and secondary school students, and further explores methods and means to cultivate their self-learning ability.