With the rapid development of information technology and the widespread popularity of mobile terminal devices, short videos, as a new form of media, have gradually penetrated and become an indispensable entertainment and learning tool for college students in their daily lives. However, the diversity and quality of short video content are uneven, and college students are facing a serious challenge of “addiction” risk if they are immersed in it for a long time. This article aims to conduct an in-depth analysis of college students’ short video addiction behavior through the comprehensive application of various psychological theories and methods. By constructing a theoretical framework and analyzing the addiction mechanism, it reveals the psychological essence of short video addiction and its profound impact on college students’ mental health. On this basis, this article will further design and implement effective intervention strategies aimed at tapping the positive potential of short videos, guiding college students to make rational use of short video resources, and promoting their overall development and improvement of mental health.