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景观美学中的瞭望—庇护理论

Prospect-refuge Theory in Landscape Aesthetics

中国心理学前沿 / 2024,6(4)：493-501 / 2024-04-12 209 253

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• 作者： 李羽晨¹      林芷青¹      彭飞²      董波¹     
• 单位：

  1．苏州科技大学教育学院；苏州；
  2．哈尔滨工业大学，哈尔滨

• 关键词： 景观美学；瞭望—庇护理论；栖息地理论
• Landscape aesthetics; Prospect-refuge theory; Habitat theory
• 摘要： 杰伊·阿普拉顿（JayAppleton）采用心理学的评估方法，将传统的景观美学赋予了新的内容，从而突破传统景观评价方法，受到美国哲学家约翰.杜威美学思想的启发，并在达尔文和洛伦茨等人的生物学基础上，更深入地理解动物行为。阿普拉顿的著作《景观的体验》（Theexperienceoflandscape）提出了栖息地理论以及瞭望—庇护理论。栖息地理论描述了我们在环境中感受到的直观心理反应，我们认为这些环境可以满足我们的生物需求并管理我们对威胁的暴露，而瞭望避难所理论定义了构成这种理想环境的空间、视觉和形式元素。其中，希尔德布兰德（Hildebrand）将赖特的纺织砌块屋（Textile-block-style）作为这种瞭望—庇护模式的理想例子。瞭望—庇护理论给未来设计师提供了一个重要启示，即在保护自然环境的同时，也要注重美学，以架构一个有利于人类生存和发展的高质量的生态环境，从而获得公众的审美认可。
• J. Appleton adopted the evaluation method of psychology to give new content to the traditionallandscape aesthetics, thus breaking through the traditional landscape evaluation method, and wasinfluenced by the American philosopher and aesthete John Smith in the early 20th century. Inspiredby Dewey’s aesthetic ideas and a deeper understanding of animal behavior based on the evolutionarytheory of Charles Robert Darwin and the biology of people such as Konrad Lorenz. Appleton’s book, TheExperience of Landscape, proposes habitat theory and prospect-refuge theory. Habitat theory describesthe intuitive psychological responses we feel in environments that we believe meet our biological needsand manage our exposure to threats, while foreground shelter theory defines the spatial, visual, andformal elements that make up this ideal environment. Among them, Hildebrand cites Wright’s Textileblock-style as an ideal example of this lookout-shelter model. The prospect-refuge theory provides animportant enlightenment to future designers, that is, while protecting the natural environment, we mustalso pay attention to aesthetics, so as to construct a high-quality ecological environment conducive tohuman survival and development, so as to obtain the aesthetic recognition of the public.
• DOI： https://doi.org/10.35534/pc.0604056
• 引用： 李羽晨，林芷青，彭飞，等．景观美学中的瞭望-庇护理论［J］．中国心理学前沿，2024，6（4）：493-501．