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从“孤独求败”到“狼来了”，谈“不输外战”压力对运动员的影响及对策 —— 以中国乒乓球女队为例

From “Undefeated Winner” to “Wolf Is Coming”, Talking about the Influence of “No Lost Foreign War” Pressure on Athletes and Countermeasures ——Take the Chinese women's table tennis team as an example

中国心理学前沿 / 2019,1(10)：789-806 / 2019-12-11 4895 8315

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• 作者： 熊志超     
• 单位：

  锋恒国际体育有限公司，中国香港

• 关键词： 乒乓球竞技 5 要素与核心技术；伊藤美诚；个人特点；无意识能力； “Choking”现象；内在注意力与外在注意力
• Table tennis 5 elements and core technology; Mima Ito; Personal characteristics; Unconscious ability; Choking phenomenon; internal and external attention
• 摘要： 不知道是机缘巧合还是其他原因，国际乒联改塑料球给日本伊藤美诚提供了一条通往成功的捷径，更让她成为国乒女队的头号劲敌，由此我国乒乓球队从“孤独求败”到“狼来了”。笔者以乒乓球竞技5要素原理为基础对乒乓球各个时期的发展及国际乒联改40+塑料球前后中日主力层的核心技术与非核心技术进行定性分析，结果发现，改塑料球后所有人的核心技术都不可避免地受到较大影响，唯独日本的伊藤美诚能独善其身，由此构成对我国主力层威胁的因素之一，但不是主要因素。研究认为，我国不成文要求“不输外战”让运动员与奥运会参赛资格联系在一起，在这种巨大压力下会引起运动员增加额外的努力，这种“Choking”过程才是导致中国队主力层遭到窘境的主要因素。解决对策：应根据“Choking”现象放弃“不输外战”的不合理要求等于回避型应付压力策略，这是努力的另一个表象，当运动员相信没有了不合理要求也就不意味着奥运会资格无望时，便减少额外努力，运动又恢复到原来的水平。还一个轻装上阵的精神面貌予以主力层，尽早确定奥运单打名额为上策。
• The International Table Tennis Federation’s change to plastic ball, by coincidence or other reasons, has provided a shortcut to success for Japanese player Mima Ito, making her the biggest enemy of Chinese women's table tennis team. Since then, the Chinese table tennis team has experienced the era of “undefeated winner” to “wolf is coming”. Based on the five-element principle of table tennis competition, the author conducts a qualitative analysis of the development of table tennis and the core and non-core technologies of China and Japan's main layers before and after the International Table Tennis Federation's change to 40+ plastic balls. It turns out that change of the plastic ball has inevitable great effect on the core skills of all players but Mima Ito. This constitutes one of the factors threatening the main force of our country, but this is not the main factor. According to the research, China’s unwritten requirement of “no lost in foreign wars” links athletes with Olympic qualification. Under such great pressure, athletes will have to put extra effort and this kind of “chocking” is actually the main factor that leads to the dilemma of the main force of the Chinese team. To solve this problem, it is suggested that the unreasonable requirement of “no lost in foreign wars” be given up as a strategy to avoid pressure. This is another representation of effort. When athletes believe that there is still hope for the Olympic games even they fail to meet the unreasonable requirement. They can reduce extra efforts to recover their initial level. In conclusion, let the main force develop a positive and relaxed mental attitude, and decide the name list of Olympic singles at the earliest will be the best strategy.
• DOI： https://doi.org/10.35534/pc/0110051
• 引用： 熊志超．从“孤独求败”到“狼来了”，谈“不输外战”压力对运动员的影响及对策——以中国乒乓球女队为例［J］．中国心理学前沿，2019，1（10）：789-806．
  https://doi.org/10.35534/pc/0110051