Individuals’ cognitive abilities often decline with aging and the occur of geriatric diseases. Appropriate interventions can effectively prevent or alleviate this process, and cognitive intervention is one of the rapid developed methods in recent years. With the development of neuroimaging technology, the effect of cognitive intervention can be more vividly reflected. In current review, we firstly classified a wide range of cognitive interventions into several major categories. Then we described the changes of neural structure and function caused by cognitive intervention. Finally, we discussed the deficiencies of current cognitive intervention researches, and hoping to provide some suggestion for the future researches.