国际中文开源期刊平台

三权到五权：清末民国的权力理念与实践

Thoughts and Practice of Check and Balance of Power in 1840-1949

中西法律传统 / 2021,1(2)：61-82 / 2021-06-30 1393 402

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• 作者： 贺彤     
• 单位：

  东南大学法学院

• 关键词： 三权分立与制衡；五权宪法；训政；动员戡乱时期临时条款
• separation of powers and checks and balances；five-power constitution；the Political Tutelage；Temporary Provisions effective during the period of communist rebellion
• 摘要： 中国的权力分立观念是在鸦片战争前后由西方传入的。国人对三权分立的认识经历了从形式上的职能划 分到实质上的权力制约的深化过程。在清末官制改革和预备立宪过程中，三权分立从学说走向实践，经 过短期尝试而迅速被政治家所接受。在三权分立成为中央与地方政府的政治默契和法治共识之时，也出 现了不少批判和改造的声音。孙中山结合中西文化创造出分工合作而非制衡的五权学说，并将之在国民 党党内试行。北伐之后，国民党开始训政，凭借其政治权威，将党内的权力模式上升为国家的政治标准。 可见，三权分立从引进到入宪，是中国人尝试跨出专制集权桎梏的过程；国家宪制从三权到五权的转变， 则是集权专制再次兴起的结果。
• The concept of separation of powers in China was introduced from the west during the period of the Opium War. Chinese people's understanding of the separation of the three powers has experienced a deepening process， from formal division of functions to substantive restriction of power. During the process of official system reform and constitutional preparation in the late Qing Dynasty， the separation of powers was quickly accepted by politicians. When the separation of powers became the political tacit understanding and legal consensus in central and local governments， there were also much critical voices of it. Sun Yat-sen combined Chinese and Western culture to create the theory of personal five powers and tried it out in the Kuomintang party. After the northern expedition， the Kuomintang began to train politics， and with its political authority， it raised its power model to the national political standard. It can be seen that from introducing to writing into constitution， check and balance of three powers is an attempt for Chinese people to step out of the shackles of autocracy; while transformation from three to five powers in constitutional system is the result of the resurgence of centralized autocracy.
• DOI： https://doi.org/10.35534/ltwc.0102007
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