With the advancement of the college entrance examination reform and the talent development strategy for the new era, career education at the secondary school level has received more and more attention. Teachers’ self-efficacy is an important foundation for exploring new curriculum practices. In order to promote the implementation of career education, this paper argues that self-efficacy should be taken as an important element in the professional development of teachers involved in career education. To achieve this goal, this paper combines existing theoretical and empirical findings to define the connotations of teachers’ self-efficacy in career education, and proposes strategies regarding the enhancement of self-efficacy, which include: (1) strengthening related elements of teachers’ professional development activities; and (2) clarifying the responsibilities and the goals of professional development of teachers involved in career teacher, and enhancing the cooperation and communication.