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无效法律行为效力转换的理论证成和制度构建

The Theoretical Justification and Institutional Construction of the Conversion of the Effect of Invalid Legal Acts

Progress in Social Sciences / 2025,7(3): 219-225 / 2025-03-25 29 20

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• Authors: 徐寅萱     
• Information:

  华东政法大学，上海

• Keywords: 无效法律行为；法律行为效力；效力转换
• Null and void juristic act; Validity of juristic act; Conversion of the void act
• Abstract: 无效法律行为效力转换制度，即将无效法律行为（基础行为）转化为替代性的新的法律行为（替代行为），旨在维护自主意愿和平衡交易风险，具有不可忽视的重要性。在处理具体案件时，首先需要判断基础行为是否属于无效的法律行为，如果存在法律效力尚未确定或可撤销的情况，则无法适用该制度；其次要保证替代行为的效果不应超出基础行为的范围，无效基础行为的含义中必须涵盖有效的替代行为；最后应确保该转换举措不与当事人的真实意图相违背，如果当事人明确表示拒绝适用该转换制度，那么应当尊重其真实意愿。在对基础行为进行转换时，裁判者还需要考虑其与其他救济机制的互动和区别。如果能够通过意思表示解释或形式瑕疵修正的方式实现对意思自治的保护，那么这两种方式应当被优先考虑和应用。综合来看，该制度转换具有深远的历史背景和重要意义，这无疑将为具有中国特色的民法发展做出积极贡献。
• The system of converting the effect of invalid legal acts, which transforms an invalid legal act (the foundational act) into a substitute new legal act (the substitute act), aims to uphold autonomy and balance transactional risks, holding significant importance. When handling specific cases, it is first necessary to determine whether the foundational act qualifies as an invalid legal act. If the legal effect is still uncertain or revocable, this system cannot be applied. Secondly, it must be ensured that the effect of the substitute act does not exceed the scope of the foundational act, and the meaning of the invalid foundational act must encompass the valid substitute act. Lastly, it should be confirmed that the conversion measure does not contradict the true intent of the parties involved. If the parties explicitly refuse the application of the conversion system, their true intentions must be respected. When converting the foundational act, adjudicators must also consider its interaction and distinction from other remedial mechanisms. If the protection of autonomy can be achieved through the interpretation of declarations of intent or the rectification of formal defects, these two systems should be prioritized and applied. Overall, the system of conversion has a profound historical background and significant implications, undoubtedly contributing positively to the development of civil law with Chinese characteristics.
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.35534/pss.0703038
• Cite: 徐寅萱．无效法律行为效力转换的理论证成和制度构建［J］．社会科学进展，2025，7（3）：219-225.