The traditional moral values of China are the essence of Chinese culture, containing rich moral resources and serving as an endless source of moral construction. The moral quality of citizens is an important indicator of the civilization level and spiritual strength of a country, a nation, and a society. This paper aims to deeply explore the intrinsic connection, inheritance mechanism, and innovative development path between the two, by analyzing the excellent traditional moral values of China, revealing the value and role of traditional morality in the construction of citizens’ morality in the new era, and then proposing strategies and methods to promote the construction of citizens’ morality in the new era, with the aim of providing theoretical support and practical guidance for enhancing the moral quality of citizens.