In today’s era of knowledge economy, scientific and technological talents have become the core resources for enterprise innovation and development. Building a good enterprise science and technology talent ecosystem is of great significance to attract, train and retain excellent science and technology talents, and enhance the innovation ability and competitiveness of enterprises. This paper aims to deeply explore the structural factors of the enterprise science and technology talent ecosystem, analyze the key factors affecting the development of enterprise science and technology talent, reveal their interaction, and propose an effective configuration path to promote the optimization of enterprise science and technology talent ecosystem, so as to provide theoretical support and practical guidance for enterprises to enhance their scientific and technological innovation ability and competitiveness.