The main risk factors of surgical nursing were inadequate nursing information, weak legal consciousness of nurses, lack of effective nurse patient communication, hospital infection, specialist treatment, patient side and hospital management. In nursing practice, it is necessary to identify and measure risks, cultivate nurses' language communication ability, conscientiously perform post responsibilities, strengthen legal knowledge education, implement individualized risk management, strengthen hospital infection and ward management, strengthen nursing professional ethics education, reasonably allocate human resources, so as to avoid and reduce the occurrence of nursing risks.