Table tennis is a traditional competitive sports project in China, and has a good mass base in China. It is known as China's national ball. Reasonable selection, application and excavation of the core elements of special physical training that are suitable for special physiological characteristics are important guarantees for table tennis players to effectively develop their competitive ability in the process of sports training. Using research methods such as literature, this paper analyzes the biological characteristics of table tennis from the perspective of sports training, sports physiology, and sports material selection, and constructs an evaluation system of the core elements of special physical fitness of table tennis athletes with 2 first-level indicators, 6 second-level indicators, and 43 third-level indicators.