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文书司法鉴定质量控制的探索 ——基于法庭科学领域标准和实务风险的研究

Exploration of Quality Control of Forensic Document Examination: A Study Based on Standards of Forensic Science and Risks in the Practical Work

刑事司法科学与治理 / 2024,5(2)：106-115 / 2024-08-29 176 174

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• 作者： 王一丹     
• 单位：

  华东政法大学刑事法学院，上海

• 关键词： 文书鉴定；质量控制；能力验证；似然比
• Document examination; Quality control; Proficiency testing; Likelihood Ratio
• 摘要： 为了降低文书司法鉴定中由于错误鉴定意见导致的案件事实认识错误或裁判结果错误风险，质量控制就显得尤为重要。本文首先简述文书司法鉴定质量控制相关概念，对质量控制的主要内容从要素、过程、结果三方面进行梳理。其次围绕“人机料法环”对质量控制过程中存在的问题和原因进行分析。最后提出完善途径：第一，在要素质量控制中，着重强调通过完善司法鉴定人资格审核机制，落实鉴定人“终身学习”制度以及加强对仪器设备和环境因素的管理，进而提高鉴定质量；第二，针对过程质量控制，主要从物证管理、方法确认以及文书报告三方面讨论，其中在物证管理中引入“保管链”制度；第三，对于结果质量控制中的问题，主要讨论能力验证计划的完善；第四，为加强法庭证据检验的科学性，鉴定意见的出具可以引入“似然比”体系。
• In order to reduce the risk of misperception of the facts of the case or the result of the decision due to wrong identification opinions in the judicial appraisal of documents, quality control is particularly important. Firstly, it briefly describes the concept of quality control of judicial appraisal of documents, and organizes the main contents of quality control from three aspects: elements, process and results. Secondly, it analyzes the problems and reasons in the quality control process around “human, machine, material, law and environment”. Finally, we propose to improve the way: first, in the elements of quality control, we emphasize that by improving the qualification audit mechanism of forensic appraisers, implementing the “lifelong learning” system of appraisers, and strengthening the management of instrumentation and environmental factors to improve the quality of appraisal; secondly, for the process of quality control, we mainly discuss the three aspects of evidence management, methodology, confirmation and document report. Second, for the process of quality control, mainly from the management of physical evidence, methodology and paperwork report three aspects of the discussion, which in the management of physical evidence to introduce the “chain of custody” system; Third, for the results of quality control issues, mainly to discuss the improvement of the proficiency testing program; Fourth, in order to strengthen the scientific nature of the court’s examination of evidence, the identification of opinions can be introduced into the “likelihood ratio” system.
• DOI： https://doi.org/10.35534/cjsg.0502013
• 引用： 王一丹．文书司法鉴定质量控制的探索——基于法庭科学领域标准和实务风险的研究…［J］．刑事司法科学与治理，2024，5（2）：106-115．