The rapid advancements in cognitive science, brain science, and machine learning have deepened the understanding of the psychological processes and neural mechanisms underlying legal behavior and have also impacted judicial practice. However, the application of cognitive neuroscience and brain science in legal research and practice is still in its infancy, with no related legal practice reports or systematic empirical research results available in China. This paper elucidates the latest international advances in the application of cognitive neuroscience and brain science in legal practice and theory, introduces cutting-edge international research on the application of cognitive neuroscience in legal behavior, analyzes the potential issues that need to be addressed for its application in the legal field, and offers prospects for the future, hoping to provide some references for related judicial practice in China.