As a major maritime country, China’s maritime interests are not only a key part of the national coreinterests, but also an important cornerstone for promoting the great rejuvenation of the nation. The CoastGuard, as a new force guaranteeing maritime rights and interests, is currently facing multiple challenges in theimplementation of investigation rights. This study adopts the method of combining literature analysis and casestudy, delves into the characteristics of maritime crimes and the current legal system, and then reveals the threemajor dilemmas faced by the Coast Guard in the exercise of investigation power: vague jurisdiction, unclear rulesrelated to technical investigation measures, and defects in the investigation system. The research aims to optimizethe investigation jurisdiction system, strengthen the norms of investigative behavior, and build a technicalinvestigation relief mechanism, so as to comprehensively improve the effectiveness and standardization of theexercise of investigation power by China’s Coast Guard.