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法医精神病学和刑事司法中的神经预测和人工智能：神经法视角

Neuroprediction and A.I. in Forensic Psychiatry and Criminal Justice: A Neurolaw Perspective

刑事司法科学与治理 / 2023,4(2)：1-12 / 2023-12-14 219 1310

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• 作者： Leda      Tortora¹      Gerben      Meynen²³      Johannes      Bijlsma²      Enrico      Tronci⁴      Stefano      Ferracuti¹      著      万欢      译     
• 单位：

  1．罗马第一大学人类神经科学系，罗马；
  2．乌得勒支大学 Willem Pompe 刑法和犯罪学研究所 /Utrecht 问责和责任法中心（UCALL），乌得勒支；
  3．阿姆斯特丹自由大学人文学院，阿姆斯特丹；
  4．罗马第一大学计算机科学系，罗马

• 关键词： 神经预测；人工智能；累犯；法医精神病学；风险评估；神经法
• Neuroprediction; Artificiaintelligence; Recidivism; Forensicpsychiatry; Riskassessment; Neurolaw
• 摘要： 神经影像学与人工智能结合使用的进步，特别是机器学习技术的使用，促进了大脑阅读技术的发展。这些技术在不久的将来可能被广泛应用，例如测谎、神经营销或大脑计算机接口。其中一些原则上也可用于法医精神病学。这些方法在法医精神病学中的应用可能有助于提高风险评估的准确性并确定可能的干预措施。这种技术可以称为“人工智能神经预测”，它涉及识别潜在的神经认知标志物来预测累犯。然而，这项技术的未来意义以及神经科学和人工智能在暴力风险评估中的作用仍有待确定。本文回顾和分析了有关使用大脑阅读人工智能对暴力和再逮捕进行神经预测的文献，以确定未来在法医精神病学和刑事司法领域使用这些技术的可能性和挑战，同时考虑了法律影响和伦理问题。分析表明，需要对人工智能神经预测技术进行更多研究，并且非常有必要了解如何在法医精神病学领域的风险评估中实施这些技术。除了人工智能神经预测的诱人潜力之外，本文认为，在这些技术完全可用时以及在其研究和开发过程中都应该对其在刑事司法和法医精神病学中的使用进行彻底的危害或者益处分析。
• Advances in the use of neuroimaging in combination with A.I., and specifically the use of machine learning techniques, have led to the development of brain-reading technologies which, in the nearby future, could have many applications, such as lie detection, neuromarketing or brain-computer interfaces. Some of these could, in principle, also be used in forensic psychiatry. The application of these methods in forensic psychiatry could, for instance, be helpful to increase the accuracy of risk assessment and to identify possible interventions. This technique could be referred to as “A.I. neuroprediction” and involves identifying potential neurocognitive markers for the prediction of recidivism. However, the future implications of this technique and the role of neuroscience and A.I. in violence risk assessment remain to be established. In this paper, we review and analyze the literature concerning the use of brain-reading A.I. for neuroprediction of violence and rearrest to identify possibilities and challenges in the future use of these techniques in the fields of forensic psychiatry and criminal justice, considering legal implications and ethical issues. The analysis suggests that additional research is required on A.I. neuroprediction techniques, and there is still a great need to understand how they can be implemented in risk assessment in the field of forensic psychiatry. Besides the alluring potential of A.I. neuroprediction, we argue that its use in criminal justice and forensic psychiatry should be subjected to thorough harms/benefits analyses not only when these technologies will be fully available, but also while they are being researched and developed.
• DOI： https://doi.org/10.35534/cjsg.0402001
• 引用： Leda Tortora，Gerben Meynen，Johannes Bijlsma，等．法医精神病学和刑事司法中的神经预测和人工智能：神经法视角［J］．刑事司法科学与治理，2023，4（2）：1-12．